The TDF Revolution: What Community Banks and Credit Unions Can Learn from America’s Retirement Transformation

By Devon Kinkead

The shift in American retirement investing over the past two decades offers crucial strategic insights for community financial institutions. According to Parker et al.’s forthcoming Journal of Finance study, middle-class Americans now invest 71% of their retirement wealth in equities—a dramatic increase from the 58% documented by Ameriks and Zeldes (2004) in the 1990s—largely driven by Target Date Funds (TDFs) becoming default investment options after the 2006 Pension Protection Act (PPA).

Understanding Target Date Funds

Before diving into the implications, it’s worth explaining what made TDFs so transformative. A Target Date Fund is essentially a “one-stop shop” retirement investment that automatically adjusts its mix of stocks and bonds as you age. Think of it like cruise control for your retirement savings. If you’re 30 years old and plan to retire around 2060, you’d choose a “2060 Fund.” According to Parker et al.’s research, “A typical TDF maintains 90% of its assets in equity funds until roughly 20 years before retirement date, and then decreases this share as employees age to 40-50 percent in equity at target retirement date.” The genius is that this rebalancing happens automatically. You don’t need to remember to make changes, understand market timing, or even know what percentage of stocks versus bonds is appropriate for your age. The fund does all of this for you, solving a problem that had plagued retirement savers for decades: most people either took too much risk near retirement or too little risk when young.

The Power of Smart Defaults

The most striking finding is how effectively default options shape financial behavior. Parker et al. document that when employers switched to TDFs, “younger new enrollees (those aged 25-35 when they enroll) [invested] 5% more of their financial wealth in the stock market” (specifically 5.5% as shown in Table IV). Meanwhile, older workers reduced equity exposure—both moves aligned with optimal lifecycle investing theory. Remarkably, even workers who weren’t defaulted into TDFs eventually adopted similar strategies, with the researchers noting this “convergence” effect over time.

For community banks and credit unions, this demonstrates the enormous responsibility and opportunity in product design. When we talk about “defaults,” in this context, we mean the pre-selected options that automatically apply unless a customer actively chooses something different—like the standard overdraft protection settings on a checking account or the automatic minimum payment on a credit card. Every default setting—from savings account auto-transfers to loan payment structures—shapes member financial health at scale.

Income Disparities Demand Targeted Solutions

The research reveals stark differences by income level. According to Table IV, lower-income workers benefited most from TDF defaults, with their equity allocation increasing by 5.99% compared to just 1.86% for workers in the highest income tercile. This suggests automated, well-designed financial products can help close wealth-building gaps.

Community financial institutions, which often serve more diverse income populations than large banks, should prioritize developing simplified, automated products that guide less financially sophisticated members toward better outcomes without requiring active management.

The Persistence Problem in Savings

While portfolio allocation improved dramatically, contribution rates barely budged. The study finds that “average retirement saving rates across all birth cohorts average 4.5% at age 25 and 8.5% at 65 years of age.” The Pension Protection Act’s savings-focused provisions actually correlated with decreased contribution rates initially. As shown in Table VI, “those aged 25-35 [had] -0.43% of income [lower contributions] for those age 25-35, and [this] becomes increasingly negative with age, reaching -1.2% for those age 55-65.”

This highlights a critical challenge: changing savings behavior is far harder than changing allocation behavior. Community institutions need to recognize that simply offering better savings products isn’t enough—they need comprehensive strategies addressing the psychological and structural barriers to saving.

Strategic Imperatives for Community Institutions

1. Embrace Behavioral Architecture Design products with optimal pre-set features based on member demographics and lifecycle stages. A 25-year-old opening their first checking account should have different automatic settings (like default savings transfers or overdraft preferences) than a 55-year-old consolidating retirement accounts.

2. Automate Complexity Away TDFs succeeded by making sophisticated rebalancing automatic—growing from “less than $8 billion in 2000 to managing almost $6 trillion in 2021” according to the paper. Community institutions should similarly embed financial expertise into product structures, offering “set-it-and-forget-it” options for debt payment optimization, emergency fund building, and long-term savings.

3. Deploy Continuous Automated Prescreening Following the model described by services like Micronotes, community institutions should implement continuous automated prescreening to identify when members qualify for better rates or products. This proactive approach can automatically alert members when they’re eligible for lower-cost loans or better account features, reducing borrowing costs without requiring members to constantly shop around. Just as TDFs automatically rebalance portfolios, automated prescreening can continuously optimize members’ financial products.

4. Focus on the Underserved The dramatic benefits for lower-income workers suggest community institutions can create significant value by designing products specifically for financially vulnerable populations, potentially partnering with employers to integrate these into workplace benefits.

5. Rethink Financial Education The TDF revolution succeeded not through education but through structural change. While financial literacy remains important, community institutions should prioritize making good financial decisions automatic rather than relying solely on member education.

6. Leverage Regulatory Tailwinds The Pension Protection Act shows how regulatory changes can catalyze massive behavioral shifts. Community institutions should actively engage with regulators and policymakers to advocate for frameworks that enable better default options in banking products.

The Long Game

Perhaps most importantly, the research shows these changes took time. As Parker et al. note [in Table V], the effects persisted but declined over five years—for young workers, the equity share difference between treated and control groups went from 3.63% in year two to 2.57% in year five. Community institutions must commit to long-term strategies, measuring success not just by immediate adoption but by sustained behavioral change across their member base.

The transformation of American retirement investing proves that thoughtfully designed defaults can overcome decades of suboptimal financial behavior. For community banks and credit unions committed to member financial wellness, the lesson is clear: the architecture of financial products matters as much as their availability. By embedding expertise into product design and making optimal choices automatic, community institutions can drive profound improvements in financial outcomes—particularly for those who need it most.

Source: Parker, J.A., Schoar, A., Cole, A., & Simester, D. (forthcoming). Household Portfolios and Retirement Saving over the Life Cycle. Journal of Finance.